ASTM Standard List: Forgings, Welding and Filler Materials and Powder Metallurgy
Abstract
This comprehensive reference catalogues ASTM standards related to metal forgings, welding materials, and powder metallurgy applications. ASTM designations use a letter-number system (A for ferrous materials) to categorize specifications that represent industry consensus among producers, fabricators, and users. The article provides detailed tables of current and historical standards covering carbon and alloy steel forgings for various industrial applications, welding electrodes and filler materials, and powder metallurgy components. Each standard is listed with its current status, latest version date, and description, serving as an essential resource for engineers and materials specialists working with these specifications.
Introduction to ASTM Standards for Metal Components
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers, specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. The ASTM designation system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials) followed by an arbitrarily assigned sequential number. These designations often apply to specific products; for example, A548 is applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or sheet metal screws.
This reference article contains comprehensive lists of standards covering three key areas:
- Carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial and specialized applications
- Welding electrodes, rods, and filler materials for various joining processes
- Powder metallurgy specifications for structural parts and magnetic components
For more information on the ASTM designation system, see our related article: Introduction to the ASTM Standard Designation.
Forgings Standards and Specifications
Forgings standards cover a wide range of applications from general industrial use to highly specialized components requiring precise mechanical properties. These specifications address various materials including carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and specialized superalloys designed for extreme operating conditions.
Table 1. Forgings Standards
| Standard Number |
Last version |
Description | Status |
| A 19 | 1936 | Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings for Locomotives and Cars | Replaced by A 236 /no materials/ |
| A 63 | Alloy Steel Forgings for Locomotives and Cars | Replaced by A 237 /no materials/ | |
| A 105/A 105M | 2005 | Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications | /1/ |
| A 133 | Alloy-Steel Forgings for Locomotives and Cars | Withdrawn 1941 /no materials/ | |
| A 136 | Forge-Welded Steel Pipe | Withdrawn 1945 /no materials/ | |
| A 181/A 181M | 2006 | Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping | /2/ |
| A 182/A 182M | 2009 | Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service | /88/ |
| A 235 | Carbon Steel Forgings for General Industrial Use | Replaced by A 668/A 668M /no materials/ | |
| A 236 | Carbon Steel Forgings for Railway Use | Withdrawn 1981 /no materials/ | |
| A 237 | Alloy Steel Forgings for General Industrial Use | Replaced by A 668/A 668M /no materials/ | |
| A 238 | Forgings, Alloy Steel, for Railway Use | Replaced by A 730 /no materials/ | |
| A 243 | Carbon and Alloy Steel Ring, Hollow Cylinder, and Disk Forgings for General Industrial Use | Replaced by A 668/A 668M /no materials/ | |
| A 266/A 266M | 2008 | Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components | /4/ |
| A 288 | 2008 | Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators | /8/ |
| A 289/A 289M | 2008 | Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for Generators | /8/ |
| A 290/A 290M | 2005 | Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears | /19/ |
| A 291/A 291M | 2005 | Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears | /20/ |
| A 292 | Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Generator Rotors and Shafts | Replaced by A 469/A 469M /no materials/ | |
| A 293 | Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Turbine Generator Rotors and Shafts | /no materials/ | |
| A 294 | Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Wheels and Disks | /no materials/ | |
| A 336/A 336M | 2009 | Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts | /45/ |
| A 350/A 350M | 2007 | Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components | /13/ |
| A 369/A 369M | 2006 | Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service | /15/ |
| A 372/A 372M | 2008 | Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | /48/ |
| A 402 | Forged or Rolled Alloy Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service | Withdrawn 1958 /no materials/ | |
| A 404 | 1968 | Forged or Rolled Alloy Steel Pip Flanges, Forged Fitings, and Valves and Parts Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service | Withdrawn 1974 /no materials/ |
| A 430/A 430M | 1991 | Austentic Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for Hi GH-Temperature Service | Replaced by A312/ A312M /11/ |
| A 456/A 456M | 2008 | Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings | /no materials/ |
| A 461 | Precipitation Hardening Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service | Replaced by A564/ A564M /no materials/ | |
| A 468 | Method of Normal Magnetic Induction Characteristics of Carbon and Alloy Steel Generator Rotor Forgings | Replaced by A6/ A6M /no materials/ | |
| A 469/A 469M | 2007 | Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors | /7/ |
| A 470/A 470M | 2005 | Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts | /17/ |
| A 471 | 2009 | Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels | /11/ |
| A 473 | 2009 | Stainless Steel Forgings | /90/ |
| A 477 | Hot-Worked, Hot-Cold Worked and Cold-Worked Alloy Steel Forgings and Forging Billets for High Strength at Elevated Temperatures | Withdrawn 1991 /no materials/ | |
| A 508/A 508M | 2005 | Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels | /15/ |
| A 521/A 521M | 2006 | Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use | /14/ |
| A 522/A 522M | 2007 | Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service | /2/ |
| A 541/A 541M | 2005 | Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components | /36/ |
| A 579/A 579M | 2009 | Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings | /27/ |
| A 592/A 592M | 2009 | High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Fittings and Parts for Pressure Vessels | /3/ |
| A 594 | Carbon Steel Forgings with Special Magnetic Characteristics | Withdrawn 1986 /no materials/ | |
| A 638/A 638M | 2004 | Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service | /3/ |
| A 649/A 649M | 2009 | Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper Machinery | /9/ |
| A 654 | 1979 | Special Requirements for Steel Forgings and Bars for Nuclear and Other Special Applications | Withdrawn 1983 /no materials/ |
| A 668/A 668M | 2004 | Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use | /13/ |
| A 694/A 694M | 2008 | Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service | /18/ |
| A 695 | 1995 | Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, for Fluid Power Applications | Withdrawn 2002 /2/ |
| A 696 | 2006 | /2/ | |
| A 705/A 705M | 2009 | Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings | /19/ |
| A 707/A 707M | 2007 | Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low-Temperature Service | /8/ |
| A 711/A 711M | 2007 | Steel Forging Stock | /no materials/ |
| A 723/A 723M | 2008 | Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component Application | /18/ |
| A 727/A 727M | 2009 | Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness | /1/ |
| A 730 | 1999 | Forgings, Carbon and Alloy Steel, for Railway Use | Replaced by A668/668M /no materials/ |
| A 765/A 765M | 2007 | Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Mandatory Toughness Requirements | /6/ |
| A 766/A 766M | Forgings | Withdrawn 1989 /1/ | |
| A 768/A 768M | 2005 | Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts | /5/ |
| A 769/A 769M | 2005 | Carbon and High-Strength Electric Resistance Forge-Welded Steel Structural Shapes | /8/ |
| A 788/A 788M | 2008 | Steel Forgings, General Requirements | /no materials/ |
| A 823 | 2008 | Statically Cast Permanent Mold Gray Iron Castings | /14/ |
| A 827/A 827M | 2007 | Plates, Carbon Steel, for Forging and Similar Applications | /6/ |
| A 836/A 836M | 2007 | Titanium-Stabilized Carbon Steel Forgings for Glass-Lined Piping and Pressure Vessel Service | /1/ |
| A 837/A 837M | 2006 | Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applications | /7/ |
| A 859/A 859M | 2009 | Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components | /3/ |
| A 891/A 891M | 2008 | Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels | /2/ |
| A 909/A 909M | 2006 | Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use | /4/ |
| A 940/A 940M | 2006 | Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors | /2/ |
| A 952/A 952M | 2002 | Forged Grade 80 and Grade 100 Steel Lifting Components and Welded Attachment Links | /no materials/ |
| A 965/A 965M | 2006 | Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts | /43/ |
| A 982/A 982M | 2005 | Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils | /12/ |
| A 983/A 983M | 2006 | Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines | /10/ |
| A 986/A 986M | 2006 | Magnetic Particle Examination of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings | /no materials/ |
| A 1021/A 1021M | 2005 | Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service | /16/ |
| A 1048/A 1048M | 2006 | Pressure Vessel Forgings, Alloy Steel, Higher Strength Chromium-Molybdenum-Tungsten for Elevated Temperature Service | /2/ |
| A 1049/A 1049M | 2006 | Stainless Steel Forgings, Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex), for Pressure Vessels and Related Components | /10/ |
The forgings standards listed in Table 1 include specifications for critical components such as turbine rotors, pressure vessels, and high-temperature applications. Many standards include specific testing requirements to ensure material performance under demanding service conditions.
Welding and Filler Materials Specifications
Welding standards address the classification and requirements for electrodes, filler metals, and related materials used in various welding processes. These specifications ensure proper material selection for achieving sound welded joints with appropriate mechanical properties.
Table 2. Welding and Filler Materials Standards
| Standard Number |
Last version |
Description | Status |
| A 205 | Iron and Steel Filler Metal (Arc-Welding Electrodes and Gas-Welding Rods) | Replaced by A233 /no materials/ | |
| A 233 | Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes | Withdrawn 1970 /no materials/ | |
| A 234/A 234M | 2007 | Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service | /18/ |
| A 316 | Low-Alloy Steel Covered Filler Metal Arc-Welding Electrodes | Withdrawn 1970 /no materials/ | |
| A 371 | Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Steel Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes | Withdrawn 1969 /no materials/ | |
| A 399 | Surfacing Welding Rods and Electrodes | Withdrawn 1969 /no materials/ | |
| A 558 | Bare Mild Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding | Withdrawn 1969 /no materials/ | |
| A 559 | Mild Steel Electrodes for Gas Metal-Arc Welding | Withdrawn 1969 /no materials/ |
The welding materials standards in Table 2 encompass specifications for arc welding electrodes, gas welding rods, and specialized filler metals for different base materials and service conditions.
Powder Metallurgy Standards and Applications
Powder metallurgy specifications cover materials produced through powder consolidation techniques, including sintered components, magnetic materials, and structural parts. These standards address the unique processing methods and resulting properties of powder metallurgy products.
Table 3. Powder Metallurgy Standards
| Standard Number |
Last version |
Description | Status |
| A 1054 | 2007 | Standard Specification for Sintered Ceramic Ferrite Permanent Magnets | /no materials/ |
| A 811 | 2008 | Soft Magnetic Iron Parts Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Techniques | /2/ |
| A 839 | 2008 | Iron-Phosphorus Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Parts for Soft Magnetic Applications | /2/ |
| A 904 | 2004 | 50 Nickel-50 Iron Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Soft Magnetic Parts | /1/ |
| B 439 | 2008 | Standard Specification for Iron-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings (Oil Impregnated) | /7/ |
| B 783 | 2004 | Materials for ferrous powder metallurgy (P/M) structural parts | /146/ |
| B 848 | 2005 | Standard Specification for Powder Forged (P/F) Ferrous Materials | /19/ |
| B 853 | 2007 | Standard Specification for Powder Metallurgy (PM) Boron Stainless Steel Structural Components | /1/ |
The powder metallurgy standards in Table 3 include specifications for soft magnetic components, oil-impregnated bearings, and structural parts with specialized properties achieved through powder processing techniques.
Understanding ASTM Standard Status Indicators
Throughout the tables, status indicators provide important information about each standard's current applicability:
- Current standards show the last version date and may include a material count in brackets
- Replaced standards indicate their successor standard designation
- Withdrawn standards include the year of withdrawal
- The notation "/no materials/" indicates no materials are currently registered under that standard
Applications of ASTM Standards in Industry
ASTM standards serve as critical references for material selection, quality control, and component design across numerous industries. Engineers working with forgings, welded structures, or powder metallurgy components rely on these specifications to ensure material consistency, proper processing, and reliable performance.
Key industries utilizing these standards include:
- Power generation (turbine components, pressure vessels)
- Oil and gas (piping, pressure-containing components)
- Transportation (railway components, automotive parts)
- General manufacturing (industrial machinery, structural components)
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