Makale Group of ASTM standards for steel castings and forgings 10 min read • March, 2001 • Son teknik inceleme: 2026 Abstract This comprehensive reference document compiles ASTM specifications for steel and iron castings and forgings used in pressure-containing components. The standards define material properties for valves, flanges, fittings, and other parts designed for both high-temperature and low-temperature service applications. Introduction This collection of ASTM specifications covers standard properties of steel and iron castings and forgings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts for high-temperature and low-temperature service. Additionally, standards for evaluating the microstructure of graphite in iron castings and methods for mechanical testing of cast irons are presented. Steel Castings Standards Table 1. Steel Castings standards Standard Number Version Description A27 A27/A27M-95 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application A47 A47/A47M-99 Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings A48M A48M-94e1 Specification for Gray Iron Castings [Metric] A48 A48-94ae1 Specification for Gray Iron Castings A74 A74-98 Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings A126 A126-95e1 Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings A128 A128/A128M-93 (1998) Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese A148 A148/A148M-93b (1998) Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Purposes A159 A159-83 (1993) Specification for Automotive Gray Iron Castings A216 A216/A216M-93 (1998) Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High- Temperature Service A217 A217/A217M-99 Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure- Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature Service A247 A247-67 (1998) Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings A278M A278M-93e1 Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 350°C A278 A278-93 Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650°F A297 A297/A297M-97 (1998) Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for General Application A319 A319-71 (1995) Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-Pressure Containing Parts A327M A327M-91 (1997) Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons (Metric) A327 A327-91 (1997) Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons A351 A351/A351M-94a (1999) Specification for Castings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), for Pressure-Containing Parts A352 A352/A352M-93 (1998) Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature Service A356 A356/A356M-98e1 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines A367 A367-60 (1999) Test Methods of Chill Testing of Cast Iron A389 A389/A389M-93 (1998) Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature Service A395 A395/A395M-99 Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated Temperatures A426 A426-92 (1997) Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A436 A436-84 (1997) e1 Specification for Austenitic Gray Iron Castings A438 A438-80 (1997) Test Method for Transverse Testing of Gray Cast Iron A439 A439-83 (1999) Specification for Austenitic Ductile Iron Castings A447 A447/A447M-93 (1998) Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service A451 A451-93 (1997) Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A476M A476M-84 (1993) Specification for Ductile Iron Castings for Paper Mill Dryer Rolls [Metric] A476 A476-90 (1997) Specification for Ductile Iron Castings for Paper Mill Dryer Rolls A487 A487/A487M-93 (1998) Specification for Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service A488 A488/A488M-99 Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and Personnel A494 A494/A494M-00 Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy A518 A518/A518M-99 Specification for Corrosion-Resistant High-Silicon Iron Castings A532 A532/A532M-93a (1999) e1 Specification for Abrasion-Resistant Cast Irons A536 A536-84 (1999) e1 Specification for Ductile Iron Castings A560 A560/A560M-93 (1998) Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy A571M A571M-84 (1997) Specification for Austenitic Ductile Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts Suitable for Low-Temperature Service [Metric] A571 A571-84 (1997) Specification for Austenitic Ductile Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts Suitable for Low-Temperature Service A583 A583-93 (1999) Specification for Cast Steel Wheels for Railway Service A597 A597-87 (1999) Specification for Cast Tool Steel A602 A602-94 (1998) Specification for Automotive Malleable Iron Castings A608 A608-91a (1998) Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel High-Alloy Tubing for Pressure Application at High Temperatures A609 A609/A609M-91 (1997) Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof A644 A644-98 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings A667 A667/A667M-87 (1998) Specification for Centrifugally Cast Dual Metal (Gray and White Cast Iron) Cylinders A703 A703/A703M-99 Specification for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts A732 A732/A732M-98 Specification for Castings, Investment, Carbon and Low Alloy Steel for General Application, and Cobalt Alloy for High Strength at Elevated Temperatures A743 A743/A743M-98ae1 Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General Application A744 A744/A744M-98a Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe Service A747 A747/A747M-99 Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Hardening A748 A748/A748M-87 (1998) Specification for Statically Cast Chilled White Iron-Gray Iron Dual Metal Rolls for Pressure Vessel Use A757 A757/A757M-00 Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing and Other Applications, for Low-Temperature Service A781 A781/A781M-99a Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use A799 A799/A799M-92 (1997) Practice for Steel Castings, Stainless, Instrument Calibration, for Estimating Ferrite Content A800 A800/A800M-91 (1997) e1 Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content Thereof A802 A802/A802M-95 (1996) Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Visual Examination A823 A823-99 Specification for Statically Cast Permanent Mold Gray Iron Castings A834 A834-95 Specification for Common Requirements for Iron Castings for General Industrial Use A842 A842-85 (1997) Specification for Compacted Graphite Iron Castings A872 A872-91 (1997) Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe for Corrosive Environments A874 A874/A874M-98 Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Castings Suitable for Low-Temperature Service A888 A888-98e1 Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications A890 A890/A890M-99 Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application A897M A897M-90 (1997) Specification for Austempered Ductile Iron Castings [Metric] A897 A897-90 (1997) Specification for Austempered Ductile Iron Castings A903 A903/A903M-99 Specification for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Inspection A915 A915/A915M-93 (1998) Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, and Alloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades A942 A942-95 Specification for Centrifugally Cast White Iron/Gray Iron Dual Metal Abrasion- Resistant Roll Shells A957 A957-96 Specification for Investment Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use A958 A958-96e1 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, and Alloy, with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades A985 A985-98a Specification for Steel Investment Casting General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts A993 A993-98 Test Method for Dynamic Tear Testing of Cast Irons to Establish Transition Temperature A1002 A1002-99 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy Table 1 above provides a complete listing of ASTM standards related to steel castings, including specifications for carbon steel, ferritic malleable iron, gray iron, austenitic, and other specialized casting types. Forgings Standards Table 2. Forgings standards table Standard Number Version Description A105 A105/A105M-98 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications A181 A181/A181M-95b Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping A182 A182/A182M-99 Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service A266 A266/A266M-99 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components A275 A275/A275M-98 Test Method for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings A288 A288-91 (1998) Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators A289 A289/A289M-97 Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for Generators A290 A290-95 (1999) Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears A291 A291-95 (1999) Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears A314 A314-97 Specification for Stainless Steel Billets and Bars for Forging A336 A336/A336M-99 Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts A350 A350/A350M-99 Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components A369 A369/A369M-92 Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service A372 A372/A372M-99 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels A388 A388/A388M-95 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Heavy Steel Forgings A418 A418-99 Test Method for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings A456 A456/A456M-99 Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings A469 A469-94a (1999) Specification for Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors A471 A471-94 (1999) Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels A472 A472-98 Test Method for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings A473 A473-99 Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings A484 A484/A484M-98 Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings A493 A493-95 Specification for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods for Cold Heading and Cold Forging A503 A503/A503M-99 Specification for Ultrasonic Examination of Large Forged Crankshafts A508 A508/A508M-95 (1999) Specification for Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels A522 A522/A522M-95b Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service A541 A541/A541M-95 (1999) Specification for Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components A565 A565-97 Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service A579 A579-99 Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings A592 A592/A592M-89 (1999) Specification for High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Fittings and Parts for Pressure Vessels A638 A638/A638M-00 Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service A646 A646-95 (1999) Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings A649 A649/A649M-99 Specification for Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper Machinery A668 A668/A668M-96e1 Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use A694 A694/A694M-00 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service A705 A705/A705M-95 Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings A707 A707/A707M-00 Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low-Temperature Service A711 A711-92 (1996) e1 Specification for Steel Forging Stock A723 A723/A723M-94 (1999) Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component Application A727 A727/A727M-97 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness A730 A730-93 (1999) Specification for Forgings, Carbon and Alloy Steel, for Railway Use A745 A745/A745M-94 (1999) Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings A765 A765/A765M-98a Specification for Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Mandatory Toughness Requirements A768 A768-95 Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12% Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts A788 A788-98a Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements A831 A831/A831M-95 Specification for Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings for Liquid Metal Cooled Reactor Core Components A836 A836/A836M-95b Specification for Titanium-Stabilized Carbon Steel Forgings for Glass-Lined Piping and Pressure Vessel Service A837 A837-91 (1996) e1 Specification for Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applications A859 A859/A859M-95 (1999) Specification for Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components A891 A891-98 Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels A909 A909-94 (1999) Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use A921 A921/A921M-93 (1999) Specification for Steel Bars, Microalloy, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, for Subsequent Hot Forging A952 A952/A952M-98 Specification for Forged Grade 80 and Grade 100 Steel Lifting Components and Welded Attachment Links A961 A961-99 Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications A965 A965/A965M-99 Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts A966 A966/A966M-96 Test Method for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current Table 2 above lists all relevant ASTM standards for various types of forgings, including carbon steel forgings for piping applications, alloy steel forgings for pressure vessels, and specialized forgings for high-temperature service.