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The Basics of Nonferrous Metallurgy

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Copper and Copper Alloys

Copper and its alloys represent one of the most versatile and widely used groups of commercial metals in modern industry. These materials are prized for their exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, superior corrosion resistance, ease of fabrication, and excellent mechanical properties including strength and fatigue resistance. This article explores the fundamental properties of copper and its various alloy families, including electrical coppers, dilute copper alloys, brasses, bronzes, copper nickels, and nickel silvers.

Copper and Copper Alloys Casting Problems

Pure copper is extremely difficult to cast as well as being prone to surface cracking, porosity problems, and to the formation of internal cavities. The casting characteristics of copper can be improved by the addition of small amounts of elements including beryllium, silicon, nickel, tin, zinc, chromium and silver.
Cast copper alloys are used for applications such as bearings, bushings, gears, fittings, valve bodies, and miscellaneous components for the chemical processing industry. These alloys are poured into many types of castings such as sand, shell, investment, permanent mold, chemical sand, centrifugal, and die casting.

Copper Beryllium Alloys

The addition of beryllium in copper alloy materials gives a substantial increase in strength without resulting in brittle behavior.
Due to these improved properties, beryllium alloys are used widely in the aviation industries in components which require high strength and a high tolerance to wear.

Copper Foil Manufacturing

Copper foil manufacturing has become increasingly vital in modern electronics and industrial applications. This article examines two primary manufacturing methods: electrodeposition and rolling processes. These techniques produce copper foils with specific characteristics suited for various applications, particularly in electronic devices and printed circuit boards (PCBs).

Copper Matrix Hardening by Alumina Particles

This article presents synthesis of the nanocomposite Cu-Al2O3 powder by thermochemical method and sintering with a comparative analysis of the mechanical and electrical properties of obtained solid samples. Nanocrystaline Cu-Al2O3 powders were produced by thermochemical method through following stages: spray-drying, oxidation of precursor powder, reduction by hydrogen and homogenization. The obtained nanocomposite, which structure is with certain changes preserved in final structure, has provided sintered material with homogenous distribution of dispersoide in copper matrix, with exceptional effects of reinforcing and excellent combination of mechanical and electrical properties.

Copper Spinodal Alloys: Part One

Ternary copper-nickel-tin (CuNiSn) spinodal alloys have recently been developed to deliver larger sizes and engineered shapes with a combination of high strength, excellent tribological characteristics, and high corrosion resistance in seawater and acid environments.
A three-fold increase in the yield strength over the base metal results from spinodal decomposition in the copper-nickel-tin alloys.