Relation between CE Structure and Mechanical Properties
This article examines the relationship between carbon equivalent (CE) structure and mechanical properties in cast iron. The study presents a comprehensive analysis of how CE values correlate with structure, tensile strength, and section size in cast iron components. Key findings demonstrate that cylindrical test bars cool more rapidly than flat plates of equivalent thickness, affecting the final microstructure.
Reoxidation of Steels
The internal cleanliness of steel is determined by the composition, size, number and distribution of its inclusions. It should be strictly controlled to ensure the castability of the liquid steel as well as the functional properties of the final product. The inclusions are formed during converter tap, ladle treatment and continuous casting of the steel and they can be oxides, sulfides and nitrides.The oxides are formed by the reaction of dissolved reactive metals and oxygen, either dissolved in the steel or originating from the atmosphere, refractories or slags. Erosion of the refractories and slag dispersion can also be sources of new inclusions.
Residual elements in steel—such as Cu, Ni, As, Pb, Sn, Sb, Mo, and Cr—are unintentionally present contaminants that cannot be eliminated through conventional metallurgical processes. These elements significantly influence mechanical properties and processing parameters throughout steel production. This article examines how residual elements affect steel processing conditions from casting to final annealing, distinguishing between elements that function in solid solution versus those that segregate at interfaces.
Semi-austenitic stainless steels represent one of three precipitation hardening stainless steel categories, alongside martensitic and austenitic variants. These high-strength alloys combine exceptional mechanical properties with superior corrosion resistance through specialized heat treatment processes.
Steel Deoxidation: Part One
This comprehensive examination of steel deoxidation processes explores the fundamental principles and practical applications of oxygen removal from molten metal. The article details various deoxidation methods, focusing on common deoxidizers such as manganese, silicon, and aluminum, while also discussing specialized deoxidants. It analyzes the paradoxical nature of deoxidation processes, equilibrium constants, and their practical implications in different steel grades.