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The Basics of Ferrous Metallurgy

97 Articles

9–12% Chromium Steels: Part One

The development of heat-resistant 9–12%Cr steels was strongly motivated by two major events: the development of thermal power stations operating at steam temperatures ranging from 538°C to 566°C, and the development of low-pollution power stations operating at steam admission temperatures of 600–650°C and supercritical pressures up to 350 bar.
An overview of the historical development of heat-resistant ferritic-martensitic 9-12% Cr steels from the 1950s to the 1980s is given in this article.

9–12% Chromium Steels: Part Two

An overview of the development of heat-resistant ferritic-martensitic 9-12% Cr steels from the 1980s is given in this article. The properties of several 9–12% chromium steels are described, with examples of the graphs of 100,000 h creep rupture strength of steam turbine rotor steels and piping steels.

Advanced High Nitrogen Steels

Historically high nitrogen steels were developed to take advantage of what are now well known improved characteristics of the material including high strength and a much improved corrosion resistance.
In this article it’s possible to see some of the latest developments led by CMRDI utilizing both open air and controlled atmosphere technologies for the production of several grades of advanced high nitrogen steels.

The Effects of Alloying Elements on Iron-Carbon Alloys

The simplest version of analyzes the effects of alloying elements on iron-carbon alloys would require analysis of a large number of ternary alloy diagrams over a wide temperature range. However, Wever pointed out that iron binary equilibrium systems fall into four main categories: open and closed γ-field systems, and expanded and contracted γ-field systems.
The form of the diagram depends to some degree on the electronic structure of the alloying elements which is reflected in their relative positions in the periodic classification.

Antibacterial Biocidal Steels

Much work has already been done into the potential for certain alloying elements to perform effectively as antibacterial agents in the prevention of harmful biofilms on the materials surface.
Certain elements are specifically effective against certain forms of bacteria for example it is now well know and effectively applied that copper and zinc are both effective in inhibiting the growth of both E. coli and S. aureus bacteria strains.

Arctic Steels: Part One

There are many technological and management challenges in working under the harsh conditions of the arctic and these challenges extend into the use of materials in many varied applications.
Pipelines present just one example whereby a unique set of conditions such as, very low temperatures, low pH, freeze/thaw action to name but a few need to be taken into consideration and resolved.