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The Basics of Ferrous Metallurgy

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From the History of Iron and Steel Making: Part Two

In the Voelklingen Ironworks, which was founded in 1883 and now is awarded the status of a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO, history of creating the wind element can be seen directly. The heart of the entire plant is over 6000 m² (65000 sq feet) large blowerhouse, in which gigantic machines produced the blast necessary for iron making.

General Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates, Shapes, Sheet Piling, and Bars for Structural Use

This group of ASTM standard specifications covers a common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the material specification, apply to rolled steel plates, shapes, sheet piling, and bars.

Gray Iron

Cast irons are alloys of iron, carbon, and silicon in which more carbon is present than can be retained in solid solution in austenite at the eutectic temperature. In gray cast iron, the carbon that exceeds the solubility in austenite precipitates as flake graphite. Gray irons usually contain 2.5 to 4% C, 1 to 3% Si, and additions of manganese, depending on the desired microstructure (as low as 0.1% Mn in ferritic gray irons and as high as 1.2% in pearlitics). Sulphur and phosphorus are also present in small amounts as residual impurities.

Hardenable Carbon Steels

Carbon steels are produced in greater tonnage and have wider use than any other metal because of their versatility and low cost. There are now almost 50 grades available in the nonresulfurized series 1000 carbon steels and nearly 30 grades in the resulfurized series 1100 and 1200. The versatility of the carbon steel group has also been extended by availability of the various grades with lead additions.

High Carbon Steels

High carbon steel, containing 0.60-1.00% carbon and 0.30-0.90% manganese, is a crucial material in industrial applications requiring superior strength and wear resistance. This article examines the properties, microstructure, and applications of high carbon steel, highlighting its advantages and limitations.

High Manganese Austenitic Steels: Part One

High manganese austenitic steels represent a significant advancement in metallurgical engineering, offering exceptional combinations of ductility, toughness, and wear resistance. This article examines the development, composition, and characteristics of these steels, particularly focusing on Hadfield steel, which contains 11-13% manganese and 1-1.3% carbon.