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Fracture Toughness of Tool Steels: Part One

Fracture mechanics play an important role in material selection and maintenance and can directly ensure that engineering failures, some catastrophic, do not readily occur.
Stringent selection and processing of tool steels is a critical concern relating to fracture toughness and the application will in most cases determine the material of choice, additions to increase resistance to cracking and the heat treatment process themselves.

Fracture Toughness of Tool Steels: Part Two

Even under the most controlled limits, tool steels have operational limits which can exist in the material or arise during the first production years of use.
The increased use of ultra-high strength steels (UHSS) in car bodies has led to significant further study on how to understand what factors control fatigue properties, ductility and ultimately fracture toughness.

GOST- standards for steel materials

This article provides a comprehensive overview of GOST standard specifications for steel materials across three major categories: structural and constructional steels, tool steels, and stainless and heat-resisting steels. Covering chemical compositions, mechanical properties, and application-specific requirements, these standards address materials for pressure vessels, high-strength applications, construction, railways, pipelines, and specialized industrial uses.

Hardening and Tempering of Tool Steels

The cost of the steel and its heat treatment amounts generally to less than a quarter of the total cost of the whole tool. A wrong choice of steel or faulty heat treatment may give rise to serious disruption of production and higher costs.
In this text, an example is tool steel W1, designated only by the type letter and numeral as used in the USA and the UK for standardized tool steels.

Heat Treatment of Low-Alloy Cold-Work and Hot-Work Tool Steels

The hardenability of SIS 2550 is considerably good. SIS 2550 is air hardened in fairly heavy sections, which is of advantage where dimensional stability is concerned. Due to the lower carbon content the toughness is greater than the most of the other cold-work steels. When used for cold-work tools, the steel is tempered at 170-250°C, the resulting hardness then being 55-58 HRC. With regard to impact strength this steel, too, is susceptible to tempering treatments around 300°C.

Heat Treatment of Low-Alloy Cold-Work Tool Steels

Two steels have been chosen from this group as examples for the discussion, grade O1 (RT 1733) and Swedish SIS 2092 (SR 1855).
When carbon steel is used for punching dies or cold hobbing tools the dimensions of the tool are bound by a ruling section that is determined by the load on the tool. A punch or a die, made from carbon steel, having a diameter of, say, 50 mm, will show rather poor resistance to sinking on account of the shallow depth of hardening.