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French (AFNOR) Standards for Steel Materials

This comprehensive guide presents the AFNOR (Association Française de Normalisation) standard specifications for steel materials across three major categories: structural and constructional steels, tool steels, and specialty steels including stainless, heat-resisting, and valve steels. The standards cover specifications for various steel products, from carbon and alloy steels to specialized applications in boilers, pressure vessels, and railway components.

Alloyed tool and die steels

Tool steels are groups into six types: high speed, hot work, cold work, shock resisting, special purpose and water hardening. High-speed steels are very efficient with heavy cuts and high speeds they are incapable, at slow speeds and lighter cuts, of holding the keen edge necessary for obtaining a very smooth finish on certain articles. Special steels have been produced for this purpose, known as finishing steels, which are capable of retaining a keen cutting edge for much longer periods than carbon steel used under similar conditions.

Bulgarian (BDS) Standards for Steel Materials

This group of Bulgarian (BDS) standards covers carbon, alloy and structural steels, free-cutting steels, plates for pressure vessels, hot-rolled plates, sheets and strips, high-temperature steel castings, welding filler rods, tool steels and electrical quality steels.

Classification of Tool Steels

Steels used for making tools, punches, and dies are perhaps the hardest, the strongest, and toughest steels used in industry. It is obvious that tools used for working steels and other metals must be stronger and harder than the steels or material they cut or form.
The metallurgical characteristics of various compositions of tool steels are extremely complex. There are hundreds of different makes and types of tool steels available and each may have a specific composition and end use.

Cold Work Tool Steels

Cold work tool steels are specialized high-carbon steels enhanced with alloy additions including tungsten, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum. This article examines their composition, properties, and industrial applications, with particular focus on their hardenability and wear resistance characteristics. These steels offer excellent dimensional stability during heat treatment and provide cost-effective solutions for various tooling applications, operating effectively at temperatures up to 200°C.

Cryogenic Treatment of Steel: Part One

Cryogenic treatment of materials has been present in the aerospace industry for over 30 years primarily to enhance the service life of the treated steel.
A number of key factors affect the success of sub-zero treatments including time, temperature profile and tempering practice but used in specific combinations can produce excellent results particularly for wear dependent materials such as tool steels.